3D Vascular Pattern Extraction from Grayscale Volumetric Ultrasound Images for Biometric Recognition Purposes

Recognition systems based on palm veins are gaining increasing attention as they are highly distinctive and very hard to counterfeit. Most popular systems are based on infrared radiation; they have the merit to be contactless but can provide only 2D patterns. Conversely, 3D patterns can be achieved with Doppler or photoacoustic methods, but these approaches require too long of an acquisition time. In this work, a method for extracting 3D vascular patterns from conventional grayscale volumetric images of the human hand, which can be collected in a short time, is proposed for the first time. It is based on the detection of low-brightness areas in B-mode images. Centroids of these areas in successive B-mode images are then linked through a minimum distance criterion. Preliminary verification and identification results, carried out on a database previously established for extracting 3D palmprint features, demonstrated good recognition performances: EER = 2%, ROC AUC = 99.92%, and an identification rate of 100%. As further merit, 3D vein pattern features can be fused to 3D palmprint features to implement a costless multimodal recognition system.