La dimensione antropologica del carnevale: alcune considerazioni storico-filosofiche sulla sua "lunga durata".

Aim and context: This article examines the anthropological dimension of carnival through the historical-philosophical category of the "long duration", arguing that carnival cannot be understood merely as a ritual event or folkloric manifestation, but rather as a symbolic framework revealing profound transformations of human experience. The analysis focuses on Florens Christian Rang's Historical Psychology of Carnival, interpreted in dialogue with the reflections of Fernand Braudel, Mikhail Bakhtin, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Richard Wagner. Methodology: The study adopts a historical-philosophical and comparative approach, based on textual analysis of the main works discussed and on the reconstruction of their central conceptual themes: the relationship between historical time and duration, the anthropological function of laughter and festivity, and the connection between body, subjectivity, and political transformation. Carnival is interpreted as a liminal phenomenon in which the crisis of established orders and the possibility of regeneration become intertwined. State of the art: While previous scholarship has mainly explored carnival from historical, anthropological, or literary perspectives, this contribution proposes a philosophical reinterpretation of Rang's approach, highlighting its theoretical relevance and its ability to connect individual experience, historical destiny, and collective forms of emancipation. The comparison with Bakhtin further clarifies the distinctive features of Rang's interpretation in relation to theories of grotesque realism and popular culture. Results and original contribution: The article demonstrates that carnival represents a privileged interpretative figure of modernity, revealing the tension between discipline and liberation, work and leisure, rationality and intoxication, historical continuity and revolutionary discontinuity. Its original contribution lies in presenting Rang's Historical Psychology of Carnival as a philosophy of anthropological transformation, capable of illuminating contemporary forms of embodiment, subjectivity, and community experience.