Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases: Biology, Epidemiology and Integrated Control Strategies

Vector-Borne Diseases (VBDs), transmitted by arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas and sandflies, represent a significant threat to global health. These diseases can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. This article explores classification and biological characteristics of vectors with a particular emphasis on their role in disease transmission. It also discusses the key genetic, environmental and socioeconomic factors that influence vector competence and vectorial capacity. The review focuses on the epidemiology, transmission mechanisms and clinical manifestations of major VBDs, including West Nile virus, Dengue, Leishmaniasis, Lyme disease and Malaria. In addition, it examines current diagnostic methodologies, vector surveillance strategies and molecular approaches for disease monitoring. Preventive and control strategies—such as integrated vector management, biological control and vaccination programs and innovative interventions—are also evaluated. A comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions among vectors, pathogens and hosts, together with advancements in detection and intervention technologies, is essential for the development of effective public health strategies.