Fully Coupled Fluid–Structure Interaction with Heat Transfer Effects in an Adaptive NACA Airfoil

In the framework of innovative aerodynamics, active airfoils can be developed and ex- ploited based on the integration of shape memory metal alloys (SMAs), allowing for surface adap- tation, i.e., shape changes in response to operative thermal inputs, depending on the desired aero- dynamic behavior. The purpose of thermally activated shape-changing (TASC) airfoils’ improved capabilities is to offer benefits in terms of aircraft performance and fuel consumption rate. TASC air- foil design hinges upon three intertwined and nonlinear phenomena, namely the solid–fluid–thermal interactions. In this paper, in order to approach the definition of appropriate design parameters, the space of operating variables is explored for the first time by devising a finite element method simu- lation encompassing the equations of structural motion, energy, and turbulent Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes. Such a fully coupled model is then tested by implementing a sensitivity analysis for a preliminary design of a TASC/NACA airfoil. Temperature and velocity distributions are presented and discussed, including new metrics leading to aerodynamic lift calculations. When the efficiency is computed as the lift-to-drag ratio, it is found to vary nonlinearly in the 0–45 range, with the activating power feed in the 0–1000 W range.