Anatomy, physiology, and behavior of Hermetia illucens

Native to the south-eastern United States, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) has become globally distributed due to globalization as well as other factors. Its holometabolous life cycle includes egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages, each characterized by distinct anatomical and physiological adaptations. The larvae, known for their saprophagous and polyphagous behavior, efficiently convert organic waste into biomass, making them valuable in waste management and sustainable protein production. Thermoregulation is a critical aspect of H. illucens’ adaptability, enabling survival across diverse environmental conditions. Adults exhibit lekking behavior and complex mating strategies influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, light, humidity, and more. Research on reproductive optimization highlights the potential for improved breeding systems and genetic engineering to enhance industrial productivity. Previous research underscores the pivotal role of the species in advancing sustainable agriculture, emphasizing the need for further research into temperature management, diet optimization, and mating behaviors. Doing so would maximize H. illucens’ economic value.