Knowledge and project for the protection of cultural heritage affected by calamities and conflicts: some case studies from Afghanistan.

Afghanistan, a crossroads of cultures, has a rich architectural and archaeological heritage influenced by the interactions between Buddhism, Islam, Alexandrian Greece, and Achaemenid Persia. However, the country has faced significant damage to factors like illegal excavations, looting of museums, and armed conflict since 1978. These events have provided valuable lessons for the knowledge and protection of architectural and cultural heritage. This research aims to examine the documentation, redesigning, and cataloging of artifacts, comparing them to the progress made in cultural heritage rights protection in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2021. This research started from some conditions related to the presence of doctoral knowledge that intends to examine, through extensive documentation, the redesigning, and cataloging of some artifacts, comparing them to the progress made in the field of cultural heritage rights protection in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2021 and highlighting the efforts of local and international humanitarian groups in the process of historical preservation. The terms of protection and preservation carried out through appropriate regulations and legislation have been critically analyzed through some cases study. In addition, the foundations of contemporary legislation, tools, and methods for the knowledge and cataloging of heritage assets, and project management practices have been investigated.