Multi-temporal SAR interferometric (Mt-InSAR) techniques are nowadays mature tools to measure the temporal evolution of the Earth’s surface with millimetric accuracy. The reliability of crustal measurements is closely related to the goodness of the used Mt-InSAR algorithms in isolating the deformation-related signal from the overall signal, and this becomes increasingly complex as the noise levels of each interferogram increase. Canonical techniques are highly reliable in monitoring the displacement evolution of targets that are found to be largely stable or coherent over the entire period of analysis. Otherwise, when the scatterers are particularly affected by decorrelation problems, the obtained deformation estimates turn out to be corrupted and unreliable. Thus, there is a strong demand for new advanced Mt-InSAR processors that can provide accurate estimates of crustal deformation even in scenarios with more or less severe decorrelation problems. This thesis work focuses on the study of multi-temporal InSAR techniques applicable in both satellite and terrestrial case. Specifically, the canonical Mt-InSAR multigrid techniques for analyzing targets at the finest resolution grid will be discussed extensively highlighting their criticality in medium to low coherence areas, and in this context an innovative technique is proposed to better operate in decorrelated environments. The new method relies on efficient phase-unwrapping (PhU) operations performed at the native spatial scales. In particular, a set of multi-look (ML) interferograms is first unwrapped using conventional (or advanced) PhU algorithms at the regional scale. Subsequently, ML unwrapped interferograms are used to facilitate the PhU operations performed at the local scale (single-look). Specifically, the unwrapped multi-look interferograms are resampled to the single-look grid and modulo-2π subtracted to the single-look interferograms. These phase residuals are then unwrapped and added back to the multi-look resampled interferograms. To accomplish these operations, at variance with alternative multiscale methods, no (linear/nonlinear) models are used to fit the spatial high-pass phase residuals. Finally, the unwrapped single-look interferograms are properly inverted to retrieve the ground displacement time series using any small baseline (SB)-oriented multitemporal InSAR tool. Experimental results are performed by processing a set of SAR data acquired by the X-band COSMO-SkyMed sensor over the coastal area of Shanghai, China. Then, the focusing moves on the Weighted Least-squares (WLS) techniques applied within the InSAR framework for improving the performance of the phase unwrapping operations as well as for better conveying the inversion of sequences of unwrapped interferograms to generate ground displacement maps. In both cases, the identification of low-coherent areas, where the standard deviation of the phase is high, is requested. Therefore, a WLS method that extends the usability of the Mt-InSAR Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) algorithm in regions with medium-to-low coherence is presented. In particular, the proposed method relies on the adaptive selection and exploitation, pixel-by-pixel, of the medium-to-high coherent interferograms, only, so as to discard the noisy phase measurements. The selected interferometric phase values are then inverted by solving a WLS optimization problem. Noteworthy, the adopted, pixel-dependent selection of the “good” interferograms to be inverted may lead the available SAR data to be grouped into several disjointed subsets, which are then connected, exploiting the Weighted Singular Value Decomposition (WSVD) method. However, in some critical noisy regions, it may also happen that discarding of the incoherent interferograms may lead to rejecting some SAR acquisitions from the generated ground displacement time-series, at the cost of the reduced temporal sampling of the data measurements. Thus, variable-length ground displacement time-series are generated. The presented experiments have been carried out by applying the developed technique to a SAR dataset acquired by the COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) sensors over the Basilicata region, Southern Italy. In the continuation of the thesis work, the properties characterizing the phase non-closure of multi-look SAR interferograms are explored. Precisely, we study the implications of multi-look phase time incongruences on the generation of ground displacement time-series through SB Mt-InSAR methods. Our research clarifies how these phase inconsistencies can propagate through a time-redundant network of SB interferograms and contribute, along with PhU errors, to the quality of the generated ground displacement products. Moreover, we analyze the effects of short-lived phase bias signals that could happen in sequences of short baseline interferograms and propose a strategy for their mitigation. The developed methods have been tested using both simulated and real SAR data. The latter were collected by the Sentinel-1A/B (C-band) sensors over the study areas of Nevada state, U.S., and Sicily Island, Italy. After the development of algorithms for the satellite part, the work veers to ground-based SAR (GB-SAR) sensors. In this field, we propose a method for estimating and compensating the atmospheric phase screen (APS) in sets of SAR interferograms generated with a GB-SAR instrument. We address the presented approach’s physical, statistical, and mathematical framework by discussing its potential and limitations. In contrast with other existing algorithms that estimate the APS from the unwrapped phase signals, our methodology is based on the straightforward analysis of the wrapped phases, directly. Therefore, the method is not affected by any potential phase unwrapping mistake, and it is suitable for Mt-InSAR applications. The effects of the local topography, the decorrelation noise, and the ground deformation on the APS estimates are deeply studied. Experiments performed on simulated and real GB-SAR InSAR data corroborate the validity of the theory. In particular, the simulated results show that the method is beneficial in zones with medium-to-high topographic slopes (e.g., for Alpine and mountainous regions). Further, an interferometric SAR application for the study of three-dimensional (3-D) deformation through the joint and integrated use of satellite and ground SAR data is presented. More precisely, the interferometric data-combining technique exploits the innovative Mt-InSAR algorithms mentioned above, and allows obtaining 3-D mean displacement velocity maps at the finest spatial grid among the available data. In conclusion, also some interested satellite SAR applications in prevention and analysis of particular natural and human-induced disasters are given.
Le tecniche Multi-temporali SAR interferometriche (Mt-InSAR) rappresentano oggigiorno strumenti consolidati per mappare l’evoluzione temporale dei fenomeni di deformazione del suolo Terrestre. Queste tecniche utilizzano congiuntamente sets di interferogrammi SAR differenziali al fine di estrarre la componente legata alla deformazione e produrre così serie storiche di deformazione dei bersagli osservati dal sensore. L'affidabilità delle misure prodotte utilizzando algoritmi Mt-InSAR è strettamente legata alla capacità degli stessi algoritmi nell’isolare esclusivamente i segnali legati alla deformazione dal segnale complessivo interferometrico, e questa operazione diventa sempre più complessa all’aumentare dei livelli di rumore in ciascun interferogramma SAR coinvolto. Le tecniche Mt-InSAR canoniche sono altamente affidabili nel monitorare l'evoluzione dello spostamento dei target che risultano essere ampiamente stabili o coerenti per tutto il periodo di analisi. Diversamente, quando i bersagli sono particolarmente affetti da problemi di decorrelazione, le stime di deformazione ottenute risultano corrotte e inaffidabili. Questo pone le basi per lo sviluppo di processori Mt-InSAR avanzati che possano fornire stime accurate della deformazione del suolo anche in scenari con problemi di decorrelazione più o meno severi. In questo lavoro di tesi affronta dapprima lo studio dello stato dell’arte delle tecniche Mt-InSAR canoniche applicabili sia nel caso di piattaforme satellitare che terrestri, e dopodiché si propongono delle nuove tecniche Mt-InSAR per superare alcune delle criticità riscontrante. In particolare si studiano le tecniche convenzionali Mt-InSAR multigriglia per l'analisi dei target alla griglia di risoluzione spaziale più risoluta, evidenziandone le loro criticità in aree a media e bassa coerenza, e proprio in questo ambito è proposta una tecnica innovativa per meglio operare in ambienti decorrelati. Il metodo proposto si basa su efficienti operazioni con cui viene srotolata la fase (PhU) interferometrica eseguite alle scale spaziali native, ed in particolare, si srotolano dapprima gli interferogrammi alla scala di soluzione mediata (ML) attraverso algoritmi di PhU convenzionali (o avanzati). Successivamente, gli interferogrammi ML srotolati vengono utilizzati per facilitare le operazioni di PhU eseguite alla scala più fine (single-look). In dettaglio, gli interferogrammi multi-look srotolati vengono ricampionati alla griglia single-look e sottratti a modulo modulo-2π agli interferogrammi single-look. Gli interferogrammi epurati dai contributi a bassa frequenza vengono poi srotolati e aggiunti nuovamente agli interferogrammi multilook ricampionati alla griglia di risoluzione più fine. Per realizzare queste operazioni, a differenza dei metodi multigriglia canonici, non si utilizza alcun modello (lineare/non lineare) per recuperare le componenti di deformazione in alta frequenza. Infine, gli interferogrammi single-look srotolati sono opportunamente invertiti al fine di calcolare le serie storiche di deformazione del suolo attraverso un qualsiasi algoritmo a piccola baseline (SB) InSAR multi-temporale. I risultati sperimentali sono stati ottenuti elaborando una serie di dati SAR acquisiti dal sensore COSMO-SkyMed (banda X) sulla zona costiera di Shanghai, in Cina. La tesi prosegue analizzando le tecniche ai minimi quadrati pesate (WLS) e su come sono sfruttate nell’ambito InSAR al fine di migliorare l’operazione con cui si srotola la fase interferometrica e la generazione di serie storiche di deformazione. Proprio in questo contesto, utilizzando gli approcci WLS, si estende l'utilizzabilità dell'algoritmo Mt-InSAR Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) in aree caratterizzate da una coerenza spaziale medio-bassa. In particolare, pixel per pixel, si invertono esclusivamente le fasi interferometriche coerenti utilizzando una metrica a minimi quadrati pesati. Per cui attraverso una selezione adattiva, per ogni pixel si utilizzano ed invertono soltanto le fasi interferometriche coerenti, e tale caratterista può portare a diversi sottoinsiemi disgiunti di dati SAR, che sono poi invertiti sfruttando la Decomposizione a Valori Singolari Pesata (WSVD). Tuttavia, per taluni pixel, l’utilizzo esclusivo delle fasi interferometriche coerenti può portare in alcuni casi allo scarto di acquisizioni SAR particolarmente rumorose, il che si traduce in serie storiche di deformazione affidabili ma con campionamento temporale variabile. I risultati sperimentali sono stati condotti applicando la tecnica sviluppata ad un set di dati SAR acquisiti dai sensori COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) sulla regione Basilicata, nel sud Italia. Il lavoro di tesi continua analizzando le proprietà che ledono alla irrotazionalità delle triplette di fase di interferogrammi SAR multi-look. In particolare, si studiano le conseguenze delle incongruenze temporali di fase dei multi-look sulla generazione delle serie storiche di deformazione del suolo attraverso metodi SB Mt-InSAR. La ricerca condotta mostra come queste incongruenze di fase si possono propagare attraverso una rete temporale ridondante di interferogrammi SB, ed insieme agli errori di PhU, pregiudicano la qualità dei prodotti InSAR generati. In letteratura questo effetto va sotto il nome di bias di fase, il quale può pregiudicare l’affidabilità dei metodi SB quando si impostano delle soglie sulla massima baseline temporale troppo stringenti (nell’ordine di 30 giorni o meno). Proponiamo così, due nuovi metodi per la compensazione di tali fenomeni di bias, i quali metodi sono stati testati utilizzando dati SAR simulati e reali. I dati reali sono stati acquisiti dai sensori Sentinel-1A/B (banda C) sulle aree del Nevada (U.S.), e sulla zona del monte Etna in Sicilia, nel sud Italia. Dopo lo sviluppo di algoritmi per la parte satellitare, il lavoro si sposta sui sensori SAR terrestri (GB-SAR). In questo ambito proponiamo un metodo per stimare e compensare i disturbi introdotti dallo strato atmosferico (APS) in interferogrammi GB-SAR. Un’ambia analisi fisica, statistica e matematica dell'approccio presentato è fornita, discutendo inoltre le potenzialità e i limiti del metodo che a differenza di altri algoritmi, che stimano l'APS dai segnali di fase srotolati, nella metodologia proposta la compensazione avviene direttamente sul dato arrotolato, in modo tale che la stima non è affetta da nessun potenziale errore di PhU. Gli esperimenti eseguiti su dati InSAR GB-SAR simulati e reali confermano la validità della tecnica proposta, confermando inoltre che il metodo è vantaggioso nelle zone caratterizzate da una forte escursione di quota (come ad esempio nelle regioni Alpine e montuose). Infine, viene presentata un'applicazione SAR interferometrica per la stima delle deformazioni della superficie investigata in tre dimensioni (3-D) attraverso l'uso congiunto ed integrato di dati SAR acquisiti da piattaforme satellitari e terrestri. Più precisamente, la catena di combinazione interferometrica sviluppata si compone anche degli innovativi algoritmi Mt-InSAR sviluppati in questo lavoro di tesi, al fine di ottenere mappe di velocità media di deformazione 3-D direttamente alla griglia spaziale più risoluta possibile. Inoltre, in conclusione, vengono menzionate anche alcune interessanti applicazioni SAR satellitari in ambito di prevenzione ed analisi di particolari fenomeni naturali e indotti dall'uomo.
Spaceborne and Terrestrial Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Systems: Innovative Multi-temporal SAR Interferometric Methods and Applications / Falabella, Francesco. - (2023 Jan 09).
Spaceborne and Terrestrial Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Systems: Innovative Multi-temporal SAR Interferometric Methods and Applications
FALABELLA, FRANCESCO
2023-01-09
Abstract
Multi-temporal SAR interferometric (Mt-InSAR) techniques are nowadays mature tools to measure the temporal evolution of the Earth’s surface with millimetric accuracy. The reliability of crustal measurements is closely related to the goodness of the used Mt-InSAR algorithms in isolating the deformation-related signal from the overall signal, and this becomes increasingly complex as the noise levels of each interferogram increase. Canonical techniques are highly reliable in monitoring the displacement evolution of targets that are found to be largely stable or coherent over the entire period of analysis. Otherwise, when the scatterers are particularly affected by decorrelation problems, the obtained deformation estimates turn out to be corrupted and unreliable. Thus, there is a strong demand for new advanced Mt-InSAR processors that can provide accurate estimates of crustal deformation even in scenarios with more or less severe decorrelation problems. This thesis work focuses on the study of multi-temporal InSAR techniques applicable in both satellite and terrestrial case. Specifically, the canonical Mt-InSAR multigrid techniques for analyzing targets at the finest resolution grid will be discussed extensively highlighting their criticality in medium to low coherence areas, and in this context an innovative technique is proposed to better operate in decorrelated environments. The new method relies on efficient phase-unwrapping (PhU) operations performed at the native spatial scales. In particular, a set of multi-look (ML) interferograms is first unwrapped using conventional (or advanced) PhU algorithms at the regional scale. Subsequently, ML unwrapped interferograms are used to facilitate the PhU operations performed at the local scale (single-look). Specifically, the unwrapped multi-look interferograms are resampled to the single-look grid and modulo-2π subtracted to the single-look interferograms. These phase residuals are then unwrapped and added back to the multi-look resampled interferograms. To accomplish these operations, at variance with alternative multiscale methods, no (linear/nonlinear) models are used to fit the spatial high-pass phase residuals. Finally, the unwrapped single-look interferograms are properly inverted to retrieve the ground displacement time series using any small baseline (SB)-oriented multitemporal InSAR tool. Experimental results are performed by processing a set of SAR data acquired by the X-band COSMO-SkyMed sensor over the coastal area of Shanghai, China. Then, the focusing moves on the Weighted Least-squares (WLS) techniques applied within the InSAR framework for improving the performance of the phase unwrapping operations as well as for better conveying the inversion of sequences of unwrapped interferograms to generate ground displacement maps. In both cases, the identification of low-coherent areas, where the standard deviation of the phase is high, is requested. Therefore, a WLS method that extends the usability of the Mt-InSAR Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) algorithm in regions with medium-to-low coherence is presented. In particular, the proposed method relies on the adaptive selection and exploitation, pixel-by-pixel, of the medium-to-high coherent interferograms, only, so as to discard the noisy phase measurements. The selected interferometric phase values are then inverted by solving a WLS optimization problem. Noteworthy, the adopted, pixel-dependent selection of the “good” interferograms to be inverted may lead the available SAR data to be grouped into several disjointed subsets, which are then connected, exploiting the Weighted Singular Value Decomposition (WSVD) method. However, in some critical noisy regions, it may also happen that discarding of the incoherent interferograms may lead to rejecting some SAR acquisitions from the generated ground displacement time-series, at the cost of the reduced temporal sampling of the data measurements. Thus, variable-length ground displacement time-series are generated. The presented experiments have been carried out by applying the developed technique to a SAR dataset acquired by the COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) sensors over the Basilicata region, Southern Italy. In the continuation of the thesis work, the properties characterizing the phase non-closure of multi-look SAR interferograms are explored. Precisely, we study the implications of multi-look phase time incongruences on the generation of ground displacement time-series through SB Mt-InSAR methods. Our research clarifies how these phase inconsistencies can propagate through a time-redundant network of SB interferograms and contribute, along with PhU errors, to the quality of the generated ground displacement products. Moreover, we analyze the effects of short-lived phase bias signals that could happen in sequences of short baseline interferograms and propose a strategy for their mitigation. The developed methods have been tested using both simulated and real SAR data. The latter were collected by the Sentinel-1A/B (C-band) sensors over the study areas of Nevada state, U.S., and Sicily Island, Italy. After the development of algorithms for the satellite part, the work veers to ground-based SAR (GB-SAR) sensors. In this field, we propose a method for estimating and compensating the atmospheric phase screen (APS) in sets of SAR interferograms generated with a GB-SAR instrument. We address the presented approach’s physical, statistical, and mathematical framework by discussing its potential and limitations. In contrast with other existing algorithms that estimate the APS from the unwrapped phase signals, our methodology is based on the straightforward analysis of the wrapped phases, directly. Therefore, the method is not affected by any potential phase unwrapping mistake, and it is suitable for Mt-InSAR applications. The effects of the local topography, the decorrelation noise, and the ground deformation on the APS estimates are deeply studied. Experiments performed on simulated and real GB-SAR InSAR data corroborate the validity of the theory. In particular, the simulated results show that the method is beneficial in zones with medium-to-high topographic slopes (e.g., for Alpine and mountainous regions). Further, an interferometric SAR application for the study of three-dimensional (3-D) deformation through the joint and integrated use of satellite and ground SAR data is presented. More precisely, the interferometric data-combining technique exploits the innovative Mt-InSAR algorithms mentioned above, and allows obtaining 3-D mean displacement velocity maps at the finest spatial grid among the available data. In conclusion, also some interested satellite SAR applications in prevention and analysis of particular natural and human-induced disasters are given.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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