ARCHITETTURA E INDUSTRIA 4.0 Smart manufacturing per la produzione di materiali innovativi in terra cruda

The environmental issue has recently been central to national and international multidisciplinary debates. The term ecology, has given rise to green culture. Various intellectuals and artists since the first industrial revolution have been palpating the discomfort of what mechanized labor has entailed. Today, both the European Community and the UN set goals for safeguarding the planet and finding answers to the climate and environmental crisis. These issues become central strategies for design disciplines, and as designers we must not underestimate the contemporary condition but rather make it an integral part of what the city of the future will be. Among the changes that can be implemented we identify the need for a paradigm shift in moving from linear production systems to dynamic models that use natural resources and also place attention on processes of disposal or reuse of discarded materials. Thus, a more sustainable doing, thinking, conceiving and designing is also looked at. In the research we set out to imagine a sustainable envelope that is able to meet technical, bureaucratic, administrative, legislative, and also aesthetic regulations. Making design choices fall on local and sustainable materials is one of the most effective solutions. Among the various materials that have come into disuse, in Italy, raw earth has been identified, precisely because of the high potential it possesses. The objective of the research is to study raw earth as a building material, both by analyzing its weaknesses and the dynamics that led to its abandonment, and by identifying the strengths that could promote its recovery. Unfired earth is one of the first materials used by human beings given its ease of processing. Earthen artifacts, in fact, are an integral part of the world's architectural heritage and are identified as powerful expressions of the human ability to create shelter through the resources that were available locally. Ancient artisans, exploited and knew the resources available in the immediate vicinity, an attitude that should be taken today to address the climate crisis currently underway. According to recent studies, earth as a building material has been used for more than eleven millennia, and even today, one-third of humanity lives in earthen buildings. UNESCO, in 2008, with the collaboration of the UN, established the World Heritage Program on Earthen Architecture (WHEAP), an action aimed at the preservation, restoration and enhancement of the properties of earthen architectures. The research took Chinese earthen architecture as paradigmatic of the role earth had and may have in the contemporary condition. In particular the earthen architectures of the Fujian region such as the Tulou, Tubao, and Zhuang Zhai. The comparison takes place with Italian earthen architectures in particular those found in the Lucanian territory, both for scientific interests and to rediscover this material also through cultural comparison with the Chinese context. As the final phase of the work project, the prototyping of an earthen housing module was sought. Freeing ourselves from the restrictive Italian regulations, an attempt was made to find a quick and effective solution to the need for emergency architecture, the research dealt with the study of intuitive and easily replicable construction solutions with dry installation techniques.